Malignant tumors have become a major threat to human life and health today, and how to effectively diagnose and treat cancer has been a hot research topic for relevant scholars. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), as a novel and non-invasive treatment method, has the advantages of tumor targeting, low dark toxicity, short treatment time, and high reproducibility.
Photosensitizers (PS) can convert light energy into reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce cell apoptosis and tissue damage. According to different photochemical reaction processes, there are two main types of PDT: type I PDT and type II PDT. Among them, the latter is currently the dominant mechanism of most photosensitizers. However, the type II PDT based on generating 1o2 is highly dependent on surrounding oxygen, which conflicts with the inherent characteristics of tumor hypoxia. Type 1 PDT can perform well in hypoxic environments. This is because unlike the type 2 pathway where excited state photosensitizers directly transfer energy to O2, the type 1 mechanism is that excited state photosensitizers transfer electrons or hydrogen protons to surrounding substrates through electron transfer, thereby producing free radical species (such as superoxide anion radicals o)
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